HTML Reference

Abstract
This specification defines the HyperText Markup Language (HTML), version 4.0, the publishing language of the World Wide Web. In addition to the text, multimedia, and hyperlink features of the previous versions of HTML, HTML 4.0 supports more multimedia options, scripting languages, style sheets, better printing facilities, and documents that are more accessible to users with disabilities. HTML 4.0 also takes great strides towards the internationalization of documents, with the goal of making the Web truly World Wide.

HTML 4.0 is an SGML application conforming to International Standard ISO 8879 -- Standard Generalized Markup Language [ISO8879]). As an SGML application, the syntax of conforming HTML 4.0 documents is defined by the combination of the SGML declaration and the document type definition (DTD). This specification defines the intended interpretation of HTML 4.0 elements and adds syntax constraints that may not be expressed by the DTD alone.

Status of this document
This is a stable document derived from the 17 September working draft of the HTML 4.0 specification. This document has been produced as part of the W3C HTML Activity. The publication of this document does not imply endorsement by the Consortium's staff or Member organizations.

On 7 November, this document enters a period of review by the Members of the World Wide Web Consortium. Details of this review will be distributed to the representatives of each W3C Member organization.

The review period will end on 5 December. Within 14 days after that date, the document's disposition will be announced: it may become a W3C Recommendation (possibly with minor changes), it may revert to Working Draft status, or it may be dropped as a W3C work item.

Most of this document represents technology tested by multiple implememntations. It includes a small number of features that have not had the benefit of extensive implementation experience. Nonetheless, the experience of the Working Group members with analogous features in other domains has resulted in consensus that these features belong in this specification.

The Working Group expects to resolve minor technical issues during the review phase and communicate its results to the W3C Director.

A list of current W3C Proposed Recommendations and Working Drafts can be found at: http://www.w3.org/TR.

It is proposed that HTML 4.0 be recommended for new documents and applications rather than HTML 3.2, specified in http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html32.

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Learning HTML

HTML 4.0 became a W3C Recommendation in December of 1997. The new HTML standard provides a number of significant improvements over previous versions of the language while emphasizing the concepts of accessibility and structural markup.

Contents

What's New in HTML 4.0

A summary of the new features in HTML 4.0 and a look at the key concepts behind the new standard.

Structure of an HTML 4.0 Document

An explanation of elements, tags, and attributes, and how they are used in an HTML?.0 document.

Organizational List of HTML 4.0 Elements

All HTML 4.0 elements organized by their function.

Alphabetical List of HTML 4.0 Elements

All HTML 4.0 elements listed alphabetically.

HTML 4.0 Entities

All character entity references in HTML 4.0 along with their numeric character references and rendering in your browser.

Offline Versions

Downloadable versions of this reference suitable for offline use.

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Learning Javascript

Learning a programming language doesn't require learning its historyunless you're a language like JavaScript, whose history is reflected in web pages today. JavaScript originated with Netscape, back when it was first developing its LiveConnect server-side development. The company wanted a scripting language that could interface with the server-side components and created one called "LiveScript." Later, after an initial partnership with Sun, owner of the Java programming language, the Netscape engineers renamed LiveScript to JavaScript, even though there was and is no connection between either programming language. Well-known JavaScript guru Steven Champeon wrote: Rewind to early 1995. Netscape had just hired Brendan Eich away from MicroUnity Systems Engineering, to take charge of the design and implementation of a new language. Tasked with making Navigator's newly added Java support more accessible to non-Java programmers, Eich eventually decided that a loosely typed scripting language suited the environment and audience, namely the few thousand web designers and developers who needed to be able to tie into page elements (such as forms, or frames, or images) without a bytecode compiler or knowledge of object-oriented software design. The language he created was christened "LiveScript," to reflect its dynamic nature, but was quickly (before the end of the Navigator 2.0 beta cycle) renamed JavaScript, a mistake driven by marketing that would plague web designers for years to come, as they confused the two incessantly on mailing lists and on Usenet. Netscape and Sun jointly announced the new language on December 4, 1995, calling it a "complement" to both HTML and Java. (From "JavaScript: How Did We Get Here?" O'Reilly Network, April 2001.) Not to be out-engineered, Microsoft countered Netscape's effort with the release of Internet Explorer and its own scripting languageVBScriptderived from the company's popular Visual Basic. Later, it also released its own version of a JavaScript-like language: JScript. The competition between browsers and languages impacted the early adoption of JavaScript within many companies, especially as the difficult challenge of maintaining cross-browser compatible pages increasednot to mention confusion about the name. In an effort to cut through the compatibility issues, Netscape submitted the JavaScript specification to the European Computer Manufacturer's Association (ECMA) International in 1996, to reissue it as a standardized work. Engineers from Sun, Microsoft, Netscape, and other companies holding a stake in the language were invited to participate, and the result was the release of the first ECMAScript specificationECMA-262in June 1997. Since that time, most companies that support a version of JavaScript (or JScript or ECMAScript) have agreed to, at a minimum, support ECMA-262. You can download a PDF of ECMA-262 at http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-262.htm. It's not exciting reading, but it does make a good companion reference. The second version of ECMA-262 was strictly a maintenance release. The third, and current, version was released in December 1999. However, this wouldn't be JavaScript if the confusion ended with the passing of ECMA-262. Scattered about the Web is discussion of a new version of ECMAScript, designated ECMA-357. However, this isn't a new edition or version of ECMAScript; it's an extension known as E4X. The purpose of the extension is to add native XML capability to ECMA-262. ECMA-357 was published in 2004, and at this time, JavaScript 1.6 has partially implemented E4X. What's important to remember from all of this is that many of these older versions of scripting langauges are still in use, even today. It's not uncommon to find old JScript or the earliest versions of JavaScript. To clarify all the versions of scripting languages and how they relate to one another, Table 1-1 provides an approximate correspondence between JavaScript, JScript, and ECMAScript version, and what version of each is supported by today's most popular web browsers. Download Link.... Hacking Bios

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Pump Learnig Guide

Why you must prime a centrifugal pump
Although the term "pressure" is not normally a part of a centrifugal pump man's vocabulary, we are going to have to discuss it for a couple of minutes.
The earth's atmosphere extends approximately fifty miles (80 Km.) above the earth, and rests on the earth with a weight equivalent to a layer of fresh water thirty four feet (10 meters) deep at sea level. To remove air from the pump cavities and the suction piping, the pump must develop enough head to equal the equivalent of this 14.7 psi., or one bar pressure. In an earlier paper we learned how to convert this height (head) to a pressure reading by use of the following formulas:
34 Ft./2.31 = 14.7 Psi.
10 Meters/10 = 1 Bar
Unlike a positive displacement pump that can pump a liquid to any head as long as the pump body is strong enough, and there is enough horsepower available, the centrifugal pump can only pump a liquid to its rated head. You will recall that this head was determined by, and limited to the diameter of the impeller and the impeller speed (rpm.)
Since the weight of water is approximately 8000 times that of air (50 miles vs. 34 feet or 80 Km. vs. 10 meters) the centrifugal pump can produce only 1/8000 of its rated liquid pressure. In other words, for every one foot water has to be raised to prime the pump, the centrifugal pump must produce a discharge head of approximately 8000 feet (each meter requires a head of 8000 meters) and that is impossible with conventional impeller diameters and speeds.
All of this means that if you intend to use a centrifugal pump you are going to have to come up with some sensible method of priming it. Your choices will include :
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Install a foot valve in the suction piping to insure the liquid will not drain from the pump casing and suction piping. Keep in mind that these valves have a nasty habit of leaking.
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Evacuate the air in the system with a positive displacement priming pump operating between the pump and a closed discharge valve.
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Fill the pump with liquid prior to starting it.
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Convert the application to a self priming pump that maintains a reservoir of liquid at its suction.


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2. Corrosion in reinforced concrete

3. Boiler Corrosion

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Do it Yourself WEDDING PHOTOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 1 PREPARING YOUR EQUIPMENT
Not everyone has the budget to hire a professional photographer and must rely on a friend or family member that owns a good camera to document their wedding. Just because someone can't afford a professional photographer doesn't mean they shouldn't have nice wedding pictures. These are the photographers this guide is aimed at.
With the exception of the day their children are born, there is likely no other day in a couple's life that is more important than their wedding day.
And invariably something will go wrong, it always does. Is this really something you want to be a part of? I certainly don't, I know better.
Don't get me wrong; I'm not against marriage. I like it so well I've done it twice myself. Neither am I against the wedding photographer. As a matter of fact, there is no photographer I respect more than the wedding photographer, with the possible exception of the child photographer. There is no way on Earth I would want to take on that kind of responsibility.
I myself have been approached on several occasions to photograph weddings, but have always been smart enough to decline no matter how much compensation was involved. I'm just not confident enough in my own skill to take on that momentous task. The way my luck goes, I would be the one thing at the wedding that got screwed up. It would be my fault that the day was ruined and there were no memories of this most important of days.
Even though I've never actually played the role of the wedding photographer, I have personally been in quite a few weddings and been involved with many more. I am more than familiar with the role of the wedding photographer and with what works and what doesn't. With that in mind, I may have a few nuggets that will help you out.
If you're already a professional wedding photographer then I'm sure there is very little, if anything, you could learn from me. I'll defer to your proven expertise, and if I don't know what I'm talking about, then send me an email and let me know.

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